tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26481641222020462882024-02-08T22:38:47.507+05:30The Supreme Court of IndiaSome of the Judgments of Supreme Court of Indiafree333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.comBlogger34125truetag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-86184959187933947622016-08-10T04:00:00.000+05:302016-08-10T04:00:49.260+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/100486606/" target="_blank">Full Judgment Click Here</a><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">Tags
: - Section 6/41 Specific Relief Act; suit for injunction; duty of
the judges; purpose of the system of justice; Section 30 CPC; Truth
and Justice; Role of Judges and lawyers in the administration of
justice; pleadings; Civil Procedure Rules of UK; denials in the
plaint; possession; licensee; title suit for possession; framing of
issues; duties of court while framing issues;
pleadings---------necessary ingredients; suit for mandatory
injunction; due process of law; false claims and false defences;
grant of refusal of an injunction; duties of judges while granting or
refusing injunction; ex-parte ad interim injunction; injunction;
mesne profits; "possession"---------meaning; </span>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: georgia, sans-serif, serif, arial; font-size: 17.875px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 24.375px; text-align: justify;">Maria Margadia Sequeria ... vs Erasmo Jack De Sequeria (D)</span><br />
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18. According to the appellant, the impugned judgment of the High
Court is contrary to the ratio of the judgment of this Court in Rame
Gowda (dead) by LRs. v. M. Varadappa Naidu (dead) by LRs. and Another
(2004) 1 SCC 769 wherein a three-Judge Bench of this Court has
observed that <span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>possession is no
good against the rightful owner and that the assumption that he is in
peaceful possession will not work and cannot operate against the true
lawful owner</b></span></span>.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
19. Reliance has also been placed by the appellant on <a href="file:///doc/1923291/"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Southern
Roadways Ltd., Madurai v. S.M. Krishnan</u></span></a> (1989) 4 SCC
603 wherein this Court has held that<span style="color: #b3b300;"><b> it is
the settled law that agent has no possession of his own and
caretaker's possession is the possession of the principal. This Court
has taken the view that possession of the agent is the possession of
the principal and in view of the fiduciary relationship, the agent
cannot be permitted to claim his own possession. Thus, according to
the appellant, the respondent had no right, title and/or interest in
the suit property and was not in lawful possession.</b></span>
Therefore, the suit for injunction under Section 6 of the Specific
Relief Act is totally misconceived. The appellant contended that the
High Court in the impugned judgment has gravely erred in affirming
the judgment of the Trial Court.</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
25. According to law laid down by this Court in Rame Gowda (dead) by
LRs. (supra), <span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: medium;">it is the settled
legal position that a possessory suit is good against the whole world
except the rightful owner. It is not maintainable against the true
owner.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
26. This Court in Anima Mallick v. Ajoy Kumar Roy and Another (2000)
4 SCC 119 held that <span style="color: #579d1c;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">where
the sister gave possession as gratuitous to the brother, this Court
restored possession to the sister as it was purely gratuitous basis
and the sister could have reclaimed possession even without knowledge
of the brother.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
27. According to the appellant, this Court in <a href="file:///doc/1841885/"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Sopan
Sukhdeo Sable and Others v. Assistant Charity Commissioner and Others</u></span></a>
(2004) 3 SCC 137 has observed that <span style="color: #ff3333;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><b>no
injunction can be granted against the true owner and Section 6 of the
Specific Relief Act cannot be invoked to protect the wrongdoer who
suppressed the material facts from the Courts.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
28. The appellant submitted that <span style="font-size: 15pt;"><b>Section
41 of the Specific Relief Act debars any relief to be given to such
an erring person as the respondent who is guilty of suppression of
material facts.</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
29. The appellant relied on <a href="file:///doc/129026/"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Automobile
Products India Limited v. Das John Peter and Others</u></span></a>
(2010) 12 SCC 593 and <a href="file:///doc/183635/"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Ramrameshwari
Devi and Others v. Nirmala Devi and Others</u></span></a> (2011) 8
SCC 249 where the Court has laid down that <span style="color: #23ff23;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">dilatory
tactics, misconceived injunction suits create only incentives for
wrongdoers.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
30. The appellant submitted that for more than two decades the
appellant is without the possession of her own house despite the fact
that she has valid title to the suit property.</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><u><b>Truth
as guiding star in judicial process</b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
31. <span style="color: #660066;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><b>In
this unfortunate litigation, the Court's serious endeavour has to be
to find out where in fact the truth lies.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #ff420e;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The truth should be the guiding
star in the entire judicial process.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
32. <span style="color: #ff950e;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><b>Truth
alone has to be the foundation of justice. The entire judicial system
has been created only to discern and find out the real truth. Judges
at all levels have to seriously engage themselves in the journey of
discovering the truth.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<b>That is their mandate, obligation and bounden duty.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
33. <span style="color: #9966cc;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Justice system will acquire
credibility only when people will be convinced that justice is based
on the foundation of the truth.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
34. In Mohanlal Shamji Soni v. Union of India 1991 Supp (1) SCC 271,
this Court observed that<span style="color: #314004;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><b>
in such a situation a question that arises for consideration is
whether the presiding officer of a Court should simply sit as a mere
umpire at a contest between two parties and declare at the end of the
combat who has won and who has lost or is there not any legal duty of
his own, independent of the parties, to take an active role in the
proceedings in finding the truth and administering justice? It is a
well accepted and settled principle that a Court must discharge its
statutory functions-whether discretionary or obligatory-according to
law in dispensing justice because it is the duty of a Court not only
to do justice but also to ensure that justice is being done.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
35. <span style="color: #2323dc;"><b>What people expect is that the Court
should discharge its obligation to find out where in fact the truth
lies. Right from inception of the judicial system it has been
accepted that discovery, vindication and establishment of truth are
the main purposes underlying the existence of the courts of justice.</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
36. <a href="file:///doc/408123/"><span style="color: blue;"><u>In Ritesh
Tewari and Another v. State of U.P. and Others</u></span></a> (2010)
10 SCC 677 this Court reproduced often quoted quotation which reads
as under:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #00cccc;"><b>"Every trial is voyage of discovery in
which truth is the quest"</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
37. <span style="color: #ff420e;"><b>This Court observed that the power is to
be exercised with an object to subserve the cause of justice and
public interest and for getting the evidence in aid of a just
decision and to uphold the truth.</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
38. Lord Denning, in the case of Jones v. National Coal Board [1957]
2 QB 55 has observed that:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #23b8dc;"><b>"In the system of trial that we evolved
in this country, the Judge sits to hear and determine the issues
raised by the parties, not to conduct an investigation or examination
on behalf of the society at large, as happens, we believe, in some
foreign countries."</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
39.<span style="color: red;"><b> Certainly, the above, is not true of the
Indian Judicial system. A judge in the Indian System has to be
regarded as failing to exercise its jurisdiction and thereby
discharging its judicial duty, if in the guise of remaining neutral,
he opts to remain passive to the proceedings before him. He has to
always keep in mind that "every trial is a voyage of discovery
in which truth is the quest". In order to bring on record the
relevant fact, he has to play an active role; no doubt within the
bounds of the statutorily defined procedural law.</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
40. Lord Denning further observed in the said case of Jones (supra)
that "<span style="color: #ff3333;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>`It's all very well
to paint justice blind, but she does better without a bandage round
her eyes. She should be blind indeed to favour or prejudice, but
clear to see which way lies the truth...</b></span></span>"</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
41. <b>World over, modern procedural Codes are increasingly relying
on full disclosure by the parties. Managerial powers of the Judge are
being deployed to ensure that the scope of the factual controversy is
minimized.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #280099;"><b>42. In civil cases, adherence to Section 30
CPC would also help in ascertaining the truth. It seems that this
provision which ought to be frequently used is rarely pressed in
service by our judicial officers and judges. Section 30 CPC reads as
under:-</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #280099;"><b>30. Power to order discovery and the like. -
Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be prescribed, the
Court may, at any time either of its own motion or on the application
of any party, -</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #280099;"><b>(a) make such orders as may be necessary or
reasonable in all matters relating to the delivery and answering of
interrogatories, the admission of documents and facts, and the
discovery, inspection, production, impounding and return of documents
or other material objects producible as evidence;</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #280099;"><b>(b) issue summons to persons whose
attendance is required either to give evidence or to produce
documents or such other objects as aforesaid;</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #280099;"><b>(c) order any fact to be proved by affidavit</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #ff6633;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>43.
"Satyameva Jayate" (Literally: "Truth Stands
Invincible") is a mantra from the ancient scripture Mundaka
Upanishad.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #ff6633;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>Upon
independence of India, it was adopted as the national motto of India.
It is inscribed in Devanagari script at the base of the national
emblem. The meaning of full mantra is as follows:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #ff6633;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>"Truth
alone triumphs; not falsehood. Through truth the divine path is
spread out by which the sages whose desires have been completely
fulfilled, reach where that supreme treasure of Truth resides."</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
44. Malimath
Committee on Judicial Reforms heavily relied on the fact that in
discovering truth, the judges of all Courts need to play an active
role. The Committee observed thus:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
2.2..........<span style="color: #b80047;"> In the adversarial system truth
is supposed to emerge from the respective versions of the facts
presented by the prosecution and the defence before a neutral judge.
The judge acts like an umpire to see whether the prosecution has been
able to prove the case beyond reasonable doubt. The State discharges
the obligation to protect life, liberty and property of the citizens
by taking suitable preventive and punitive measures which also serve
the object of preventing private retribution so essential for
maintenance of peace and law and order in the society doubt and gives
the benefit of doubt to the accused. It is the parties that determine
the scope of dispute and decide largely, autonomously and in a
selective manner on the evidence that they decide to present to the
court. The trial is oral, continuous and confrontational. The parties
use cross-examination of witnesses to undermine the opposing case and
to discover information the other side has not brought out. The judge
in his anxiety to maintain his position of neutrality never takes any
initiative to discover truth. He does not correct the aberrations in
the investigation or in the matter of production of evidence before
court........"</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
2.15 <span style="color: red;"><b>"The Adversarial System lacks
dynamism because it has no lofty ideal to inspire. It has not been
entrusted with a positive duty to discover truth as in the
Inquisitorial System. When the investigation is perfunctory or
ineffective, Judges seldom take any initiative to remedy the
situation. During the trial, the Judges do not bother if relevant
evidence is not produced and plays a passive role as he has no duty
to search for truth....."</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #0084d1;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>2.16.9.
Truth being the cherished ideal and ethos of India, pursuit of truth
should be the guiding star of the Criminal Justice System. For
justice to be done truth must prevail. It is truth that must protect
the innocent and it is truth that must be the basis to punish the
guilty. Truth is the very soul of justice. Therefore truth should
become the ideal to inspire the courts to pursue. This can be
achieved by statutorily mandating the courts to become active seekers
of truth. It is of seminal importance to inject vitality into our
system if we have to regain the lost confidence of the people.
Concern for and duty to seek truth should not become the limited
concern of the courts. It should become the paramount duty of
everyone to assist the court in its quest for truth.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
45. <a href="file:///doc/1224592/"><span style="color: blue;"><u>In
Chandra Shashi v. Anil Kumar Verma</u></span></a> (1995) 1 SCC 421<span style="color: #eb613d;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><b>
to enable the Courts to ward off unjustified interference in their
working, those who indulge in immoral acts like perjury,
pre-variation and motivated falsehoods have to be appropriately dealt
with, without which it would not be possible for any Court to
administer justice in the true sense and to the satisfaction of those
who approach it in the hope that truth would ultimately prevail.
People would have faith in Courts when they would find that truth
alone triumphs in Courts.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
46. <span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Truth
has been foundation of other judicial systems, such as, the United
States of America, the United Kingdom and other countries.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
47. In James v.
Giles et al. v. State of Maryland 386 U.S.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
66, 87, S.Ct.
793), <span style="color: #0084d1;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>the US Supreme Court, in
ruling on the conduct of prosecution in suppressing evidence
favourable to the defendants and use of perjured testimony held that
such rules existed for a purpose as a necessary component of the
search for truth and justice that judges, like prosecutors must
undertake. It further held that the State's obligation under the Due
Process Clause "is not to convict, but to see that so far as
possible, truth emerges."</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
48. The
obligation to pursue truth has been carried to extremes. Thus, in
United States v. J.Lee Havens 446 U.S.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
620, 100
St.Ct.1912,<span style="font-size: medium;"><b> it was held that the government may use
illegally obtained evidence to impeach a defendant's fraudulent
statements during cross-examination for the purpose of seeking
justice, for the purpose of "arriving at the truth, which is a
fundamental goal of our legal system".</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
49. Justice
Cardozo in his widely read and appreciated book "The Nature of
the Judicial Process" discusses the role of the judges. The
relevant part is reproduced as under:-</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<b>"There has been a certain lack of candour," "in
much of the discussion of the theme [of judges' humanity], or rather
perhaps in the refusal to discuss it, as if judges must lose respect
and confidence by the reminder that they are subject to human
limitations." I do not doubt the grandeur of conception which
lifts them into the realm of pure reason, above and beyond the sweep
of perturbing and deflecting forces. None the less, if there is
anything of reality in my analysis of the judicial process, they do
not stand aloof on these chill and distant heights; and we shall not
help the cause of truth by acting and speaking as if they do."</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
50. Aharon
Barak, President of Israeli Supreme Court from 1995 to 2006 takes the
position that:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">"For
issues in which stability is actually more important than the
substance of the solution - and there are many such case - I will
join the majority, without restating my dissent each time. Only when
my dissenting opinion reflects an issue that is central for me - that
goes to the core of my role as a judge - will I not capitulate, and
will I continue to restate my dissenting opinion: "Truth or
stability - truth is preferable".</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">"On the
contrary, public confidence means ruling according to the law and
according to the judge's conscience, whatever the attitude of the
public may be. Public confidence means giving expression to history,
not to hysteria. Public confidence is ensured by the recognition that
the judge is doing justice within the framework of the law and its
provisions. Judges must act - inside and outside the court - in a
manner that preserves public confidence in them. They must understand
that judging is not merely a job but a way of life. It is a way of
life that does not include the pursuit of material wealth or
publicity; it is a way of life based on spiritual wealth; it is a way
of life that includes an objective and impartial search for truth."</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
51<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">.
In the administration of justice, judges and lawyers play equal
roles. Like judges, lawyers also must ensure that truth triumphs in
the administration of justice.</span></b></span></span></div>
<ol start="52">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #23ff23;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Truth
is the foundation of justice. It must be the endeavour of all the
judicial officers and judges to ascertain truth in every matter and
no stone should be left unturned in achieving this object. <u>Courts
must give greater emphasis on the veracity of pleadings and
documents in order to ascertain the truth.</u></b></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
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</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><u><b>Pleadings</b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #804c19;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>53.
Pleadings are the foundation of litigation. In pleadings, only the
necessary and relevant material must be included and unnecessary and
irrelevant material must be excluded.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<b>Pleadings are
given utmost importance in similar systems of adjudication, such as,
the United Kingdom and the United States of America.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
54. <span style="color: red;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">In
the United Kingdom, after the Woolf Report, Civil Procedure Rules,
1998 were enacted. Rule 3.4(2) has some relevance and the same is
reproduced as under:</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">(2) The Court
may strike out a statement of case if it appears to the Court -</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">(a) that the
statement of case discloses no reasonable grounds for bringing or
defending the claim;</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">(b) that the
statement of case is an abuse of the Court's process or is otherwise
likely to obstruct the just disposal of the proceedings; or</span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">(c) that
there has been a failure to comply with a rule, practice direction or
Court order.</span></span></div>
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<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
61. <span style="color: #280099;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">In
civil cases, pleadings are extremely important for ascertaining the
title and possession of the property in question.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
62. <span style="color: red;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">Possession
is an incidence of ownership and can be transferred by the owner of
an immovable property to another such as in a mortgage or lease. A
licensee holds possession on behalf of the owner.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
63. <span style="color: #00cccc;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">Possession
is important when there are no title documents and other relevant
records before the Court, but, once the documents and records of
title come before the Court, it is the title which has to be looked
at first and due weightage be given to it. Possession cannot be
considered in vacuum.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
64. <span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">There
is a presumption that possession of a person, other than the owner,
if at all it is to be called possession, is permissive on behalf of
the title-holder. Further, possession of the past is one thing, and
the right to remain or continue in future is another thing. It is the
latter which is usually more in controversy than the former, and it
is the latter which has seen much abuse and misuse before the Courts.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
65.<b> A suit
can be filed by the title holder for recovery of possession or it can
be one for ejectment of an ex-lessee or for mandatory injunction
requiring a person to remove himself or it can be a suit under
Section 6 of the Specific Relief Act to recover possession.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
66. <span style="color: red;"><b>A
title suit for possession has two parts - first, adjudication of
title, and second, adjudication of possession.</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<b>If the title
dispute is removed and the title is established in one or the other,
then, in effect, it becomes a suit for ejectment where the defendant
must plead and prove why he must not be ejected.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
67. <b>In an
action for recovery of possession of immovable property, or for
protecting possession thereof, upon the legal title to the property
being established, the possession or occupation of the property by a
person other than the holder of the legal title will be presumed to
have been under and in subordination to the legal title, and it will
be for the person resisting a claim for recovery of possession or
claiming a right to continue in possession, to establish that he has
such a right. To put it differently, wherever pleadings and documents
establish title to a particular property and possession is in
question, it will be for the person in possession to give
sufficiently detailed pleadings, particulars and documents to support
his claim in order to continue in possession.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
68. <span style="color: red;">In
order to do justice, it is necessary to direct the parties to give
all details of pleadings with particulars. Once the title is prima
facie established, it is for the person who is resisting the title
holder's claim to possession to plead with sufficient particularity
on the basis of his claim to remain in possession and place before
the Court all such documents as in the ordinary course of human
affairs are expected to be there.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<u><b>Only if
the pleadings are sufficient, would an issue be struck and the matter
sent to trial, where the onus will be on him to prove the averred
facts and documents.</b></u></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
69. <b>The
person averring a right to continue in possession shall, as far as
possible, give a detailed particularized specific pleading along with
documents to support his claim and details of subsequent conduct
which establish his possession.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Medium, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">70.
It would be imperative that one who claims possession must give all
such details as enumerated hereunder. They are only illustrative and
not exhaustive.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">
<span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Medium, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(a)
who is or are the owner or owners of the
property;</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">
<span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Medium, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(b)
title of the property;</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">
<span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Medium, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(c)
who is in possession of the title documents</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<ol>
<ol start="500" type="i">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Medium, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">identity
of the claimant or claimants to possession;</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">
<span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Medium, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(e)
the date of entry into possession;</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">
<span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Medium, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(f)
how he came into possession - whether he purchased
the property or inherited or got the same in gift or by any other
method;</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Medium, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">(g)
in case he purchased the property, what is the consideration; if he
has taken it on rent, how much is the rent, license fee or lease
amount;</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Medium, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">(h)
If taken on rent, license fee or lease - then insist on rent deed,
license deed or lease deed;</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Medium, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">(i)
who are the persons in possession/occupation or otherwise living with
him, in what capacity; as family members, friends or servants etc.;</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Medium, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">(j)
subsequent conduct, i.e., any event which might have extinguished his
entitlement to possession or caused shift therein; and</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: Franklin Gothic Medium, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">(k)
basis of his claim that not to deliver possession but continue in
possession.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
71. <span style="color: #eb613d;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">Apart
from these pleadings, the Court must insist on documentary proof in
support of the pleadings. All those documents would be relevant which
come into existence after the transfer of title or possession or the
encumbrance as is claimed. While dealing with the civil suits, at the
threshold, the Court must carefully and critically examine pleadings
and documents.</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
72. <u><b>The
Court will examine the pleadings for specificity as also the
supporting material for sufficiency and then pass appropriate orders.</b></u></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
73. <span style="color: #eb613d;"><b>Discovery
and production of documents and answers to interrogatories, together
with an approach of considering what in ordinary course of human
affairs is more likely to have been the probability, will prevent
many a false claims or defences from sailing beyond the stage for
issues.</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
74.<span style="color: #ff3333;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><b>
If the pleadings do not give sufficient details, they will not raise
an issue, and the Court can reject the claim or pass a decree on
admission.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
75. <b>On vague
pleadings, no issue arises. Only when he so establishes, does the
question of framing an issue arise.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<b>Framing of
issues is an extremely important stage in a civil trial. Judges are
expected to carefully examine the pleadings and documents before
framing of issues in a given case.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
76. <b>In
pleadings, whenever a person claims right to continue in possession
of another property, it becomes necessary for him to plead with
specificity about who was the owner, on what date did he enter into
possession, in what capacity and in what manner did he conduct his
relationship with the owner over the years till the date of suit. He
must also give details on what basis he is claiming a right to
continue in possession. Until the pleadings raise a sufficient case,
they will not constitute sufficient claim of defence.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
77. Dr. Arun
Mohan in his classic treatise on "Justice, Courts and Delays"
has dealt with these fundamental principles of law exhaustively.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
78. <span style="color: #23ff23;"><b>The
Court must ensure that pleadings of a case must contain sufficient
particulars. Insistence on details reduces the ability to put forward
a non-existent or false claim or defence.</b></span></div>
<ol start="79">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">In
dealing with a civil case, pleadings, title documents and relevant
records play a vital role and that would ordinarily decide the fate
of the case.</span></b></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><u><b>Suit
for Mandatory Injunction</b></u></span></span></div>
<ol start="80">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #2300dc;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">It
is a settled principle of law that no one can take law in his own
hands. Even a trespasser in settled possession cannot be
dispossessed without recourse of law. It must be the endeavour of
the Court that if a suit for mandatory injunction is filed, then it
is its bounden duty and obligation to critically examine the
pleadings and documents and pass an order of injunction while taking
pragmatic realities including prevalent market rent of similar
premises in similar localities in consideration. The Court's primary
concern has to be to do substantial justice. Even if the Court in an
extraordinary case decides to grant ex-parte ad interim injunction
in favour of the plaintiff who does not have a clear title, then at
least the plaintiff be directed to give an undertaking that in case
the suit is ultimately dismissed, then he would be required to pay
market rent of the property from the date when an ad interim
injunction was obtained by him. It is the duty and the obligation of
the Court to at least dispose off application of grant of injunction
as expeditiously as possible. It is the demand of equity and
justice.</span></b></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><u><b>Due
process of Law</b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
81. <span style="color: #00ae00;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">Due
process of law means nobody ought to be condemned unheard. The due
process of law means a person in settled possession will not be
dispossessed except by due process of law. Due process means an
opportunity for the defendant to file pleadings including written
statement and documents before the Court of law. It does not mean the
whole trial. Due process of law is satisfied the moment rights of the
parties are adjudicated by a competent Court.</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
82. The High
Court of Delhi in a case Thomas Cook (India) Limited v. Hotel
Imperial 2006 (88) DRJ 545 held as under:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
"28. <b>The expressions `due process of law', `due course of
law' and `recourse to law' have been interchangeably used in the
decisions referred to above which say that the settled possession of
even a person in unlawful possession cannot be disturbed `forcibly'
by the true owner taking law in his own hands. All these expressions,
however, mean the same thing -- ejectment from settled possession can
only be had by recourse to a court of law. Clearly, `due process of
law' or `due course of law', here, simply mean that a person in
settled possession cannot be ejected without a court of law having
adjudicated upon his rights qua the true owner.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<b>Now, this `due process' or `due course' condition is satisfied the
moment the rights of the parties are adjudicated upon by a court of
competent jurisdiction. It does not matter who brought the action to
court. It could be the owner in an action for enforcement of his
right to eject the person in unlawful possession. It could be the
person who is sought to be ejected, in an action preventing the owner
from ejecting him. Whether the action is for enforcement of a right
(recovery of possession) or protection of a right (injunction against
dispossession), is not of much consequence. What is important is that
in either event it is an action before the court and the court
adjudicates upon it. If that is done then, the `bare minimum'
requirement of `due process' or `due course' of law would stand
satisfied as recourse to law would have been taken. In this context,
when a party approaches a court seeking a protective remedy such as
an injunction and it fails in setting up a good case, can it then say
that the other party must now institute an action in a court of law
for enforcing his rights i.e., for taking back something from the
first party who holds it unlawfully, and, till such time, the court
hearing the injunction action must grant an injunction anyway? I
would think not. In any event, the `recourse to law' stipulation
stands satisfied when a judicial determination is made with regard to
the first party's protective action. Thus, in the present case, the
plaintiff's failure to make out a case for an injunction does not
mean that its consequent cessation of user of the said two rooms
would have been brought about without recourse to law."</b></div>
<ol start="83">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
We approve
the findings of the High Court of Delhi on this issue in the
aforesaid case.</div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><u><b>False
claims and false defences</b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
84.<span style="color: #ff950e;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: #23b8dc;">
</span></b></span></span><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: #23b8dc;">False
claims and defences are really serious problems with real estate
litigation, predominantly because of ever escalating prices of the
real estate. Litigation pertaining to valuable real estate properties
is dragged on by unscrupulous litigants in the hope that the other
party will tire out and ultimately would settle with them by paying a
huge amount.</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>This
happens because of the enormous delay in adjudication of cases in our
Courts. If pragmatic approach is adopted, then this problem can be
minimized to a large extent.</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
85. This Court
in a recent judgment in Ramrameshwari Devi and Others (supra) aptly
observed at page 266 that <span style="color: yellow;"><b><span style="background: #0000ff;">unless
wrongdoers are denied profit from frivolous litigation, it would be
difficult to prevent it. In order to curb uncalled for and frivolous
litigation, the Courts have to ensure that there is no incentive or
motive for uncalled for litigation. It is a matter of common
experience that Court's otherwise scarce time is consumed or more
appropriately, wasted in a large number of uncalled for cases. In
this very judgment, the Court provided that this problem can be
solved or at least be minimized if exemplary cost is imposed for
instituting frivolous litigation.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
The Court
observed at pages 267-268 that imposition of actual, realistic or
proper costs and/or ordering prosecution in appropriate cases would
go a long way in controlling the tendency of introducing false
pleadings and forged and fabricated documents by the litigants.
Imposition of heavy costs would also control unnecessary adjournments
by the parties. In appropriate cases, the Courts may consider
ordering prosecution otherwise it may not be possible to maintain
purity and sanctity of judicial proceedings.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><u><b>Grant
or refusal of an injunction</b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
86. <b>Grant or
refusal of an injunction in a civil suit is the most important stage
in the civil trial. Due care, caution, diligence and attention must
be bestowed by the judicial officers and judges while granting or
refusing injunction. In most cases, the fate of the case is decided
by grant or refusal of an injunction. Experience has shown that once
an injunction is granted, getting it vacated would become a nightmare
for the defendant. In order to grant or refuse injunction, the
judicial officer or the judge must carefully examine the entire
pleadings and documents with utmost care and seriousness.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
87. <span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b>The
safe and better course is to give short notice on injunction
application and pass an appropriate order after hearing both the
sides. In case of grave urgency, if it becomes imperative to grant an
ex-parte ad interim injunction, it should be granted for a specified
period, such as, for two weeks. In those cases, the plaintiff will
have no inherent interest in delaying disposal of injunction
application after obtaining an ex-parte ad interim injunction. The
Court, in order to avoid abuse of the process of law may also record
in the injunction order that if the suit is eventually dismissed, the
plaintiff undertakes to pay restitution, actual or realistic costs.
While passing the order, the Court must take into consideration the
pragmatic realities and pass proper order for mesne profits. The
Court must make serious endeavour to ensure that even-handed justice
is given to both the parties.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
88. <span style="color: red;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">Ordinarily,
three main principles govern the grant or refusal of injunction.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">
<span style="font-family: Courier New, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">a)
prima facie case;</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">
<span style="font-family: Courier New, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">b)
balance of convenience; and</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">
<span style="font-family: Courier New, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">c)
irreparable injury, which guide the Court in this regard.
</span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
<ol start="89">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>In
the broad category of prima facie case, it is imperative for the
Court to carefully analyse the pleadings and the documents on record
and only on that basis the Court must be governed by the prima facie
case. In grant and refusal of injunction, pleadings and documents
play vital role.</b></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br /><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><u><b>Mesne
Profits</b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
90. <span style="color: blue;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">Experience
has shown that all kinds of pleadings are introduced and even false
and fabricated documents are filed in civil cases because there is an
inherent profit in continuation of possession. In a large number of
cases, honest litigants suffer and dishonest litigants get undue
benefit by grant or refusal of an injunction because the Courts do
not critically examine pleadings and documents on record.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #23ff23;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">In
case while granting or refusing injunction, the Court properly
considers pleadings and documents and takes the pragmatic view and
grants appropriate mesne profit, then the inherent interest to
continue frivolous litigation by unscrupulous litigants would be
reduced to a large extent.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
91.<span style="color: lime;"><span style="background: #ff0000;">
</span></span><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="background: #ff0000;">The
Court while granting injunction should broadly take into
consideration the prevailing market rentals in the locality for
similar premises. Based on that, the Court should fix adhoc amount
which the person continuing in possession must pay and on such
payment, the plaintiff may withdraw after furnishing an undertaking
and also making it clear that should the Court pass any order for
reimbursement, it will be a charge upon the property.</span></b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
92. <b>The Court
can also direct payment of a particular amount and for a
differential, direct furnishing of a security by the person who
wishes to continue in possession. If such amount, as may be fixed by
the Court, is not paid as security, the Court may remove the person
and appoint a receiver of the property or strike out the claim or
defence. This is a very important exercise for balancing equities.
Courts must carry out this exercise with extreme care and caution
while keeping pragmatic realities in mind and make a proper order of
granting mesne profit. This is the requirement of equity and justice.</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
93. <span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">In
the instant case, if the Courts below would have carefully looked
into the pleadings, documents and had applied principle of the grant
of mesne profit, then injustice and illegality would not have
perpetuated for more than two decades.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
94. We have
heard the learned counsel for the parties at length and perused the
relevant judgments cited at the Bar. In the instant case, admittedly,
the respondent did not claim any title to the suit property.
Undoubtedly, the appellant has a valid title to the property which is
clearly proved from the pleadings and documents on record.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
95. The
respondent has not been able to establish the family arrangement by
which this house was given to the respondent for his residence. The
Courts below have failed to appreciate that the premises in question
was given by the appellant to her brother respondent herein as a
caretaker.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
The appellant
was married to a Naval Officer who was transferred from time to time
outside Goa. Therefore, on the request of her brother she gave
possession of the premises to him as a caretaker. <span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">The
caretaker holds the property of the principal only on behalf of the
principal.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
96. <u><b>The
respondent's suit for injunction against the true owner - the
appellant was not maintainable, particularly when it was established
beyond doubt that the respondent was only a caretaker and he ought to
have given possession of the premises to the true owner of the suit
property on demand. Admittedly, the respondent does not claim any
title over the suit property and he had not filed any proceedings
disputing the title of the appellant.</b></u></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
97. This Court
in Puran Singh v. The State of Punjab (1975) 4 SCC 518 held that <span style="color: #ffffcc;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background: #23ff23;">an
occupation of the property by a person as an agent or a servant at
the instance of the owner will not amount to actual physical
possession.</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
98. This Court
in Mahabir Prasad Jain (supra) has held that <span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="background: #00ffff;">the
possession of a servant or agent is that of his master or principal
as the case may be for all purposes and the former cannot maintain a
suit against the latter on the basis of such possession.</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
99. In Sham Lal
v. Rajinder Kumar & Others 1994 (30) DRJ 596, the High Court of
Delhi held thus:</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><b>"On the basis of the material available
on record, it will be a misnomer to say that the plaintiff has been
in 'possession' of the suit property. The plaintiff is neither a
tenant, nor a licensee, nor a person even in unlawful possession of
the suit property. Possession of servant is possession of the real
owner. A servant cannot be said to be having any interest in the suit
property. It cannot be said that a servant or a chowkidar can
exercise such a possession or right to possession over the property
as to exclude the master and the real owner of the property from his
possession or exercising right to possession over the property.</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<b>Possession is flexible term and is not necessarily restricted to
mere actual possession of the property. The legal conception of
possession may be in various forms. The two elements of possession
are the corpus and the animus. A person though in physical possession
may not be in possession in the eye of law, if the animus be lacking.
On the contrary, to be in possession, it is not necessary that one
must be in actual physical contact. </b>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">To
gain the complete idea of possession, one must consider</span></b></span></span></div>
<ol type="i">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">the
person possessing, (ii) the things possessed and, (iii) the persons
excluded from possession.</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<b>A man may hold an object without claiming any interest therein
for himself. A servant though holding an object, holds it for his
master. He has, therefore, merely custody of the thing and not the
possession which would always be with the master though the master
may not be in actual contact of the thing. It is in this light in
which the concept of possession has to be understood in the context
of a servant and & master."</b></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
100. The ratio
of this judgment in Sham Lal (supra) is that <span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><u><span style="background: #ffff00;">merely
because the plaintiff was employed as a servant or chowkidar to look
after the property, it cannot be said that he had entered into such
possession of the property as would entitle him to exclude even the
master from enjoying or claiming possession of the property or as
would entitle him to compel the master from staying away from his own
property.</span></u></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br /><br />
</div>
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
101.
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 22pt;"><u><b>Principles
of law which emerge in this case are crystallized as under:-</b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
1. <span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">No
one acquires title to the property if he or she was allowed to stay
in the premises gratuitously. Even by long possession of years or
decades such person would not acquire any right or interest in the
said property.</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
2. <span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><b><span style="background: #ffff00;">Caretaker,
watchman or servant can never acquire interest in the property
irrespective of his long possession. The caretaker or servant has to
give possession forthwith on demand.</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
3. <span style="color: yellow;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><b><span style="background: #ff0000;">The
Courts are not justified in protecting the possession of a caretaker,
servant or any person who was allowed to live in the premises for
some time either as a friend, relative, caretaker or as a servant.</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
4. <b>The
protection of the Court can only be granted or extended to the person
who has valid, subsisting rent agreement, lease agreement or license
agreement in his favour.</b></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
5. <span style="color: red;"><b>The
caretaker or agent holds property of the principal only on behalf of
the principal. He acquires no right or interest whatsoever for
himself in such property irrespective of his long stay or possession.</b></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
102. In this
view of the matter, the impugned judgment of the High Court as also
of the Trial Court deserve to be set aside and we accordingly do so.
Consequently, this Court directs that the possession of the suit
premises be handed over to the appellant, who is admittedly the owner
of the suit property.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
103. In the
peculiar facts and circumstances of this case, the legal
representatives of the respondent are granted three months time to
vacate the suit premises. They are further directed that after the
expiry of the three months period, the vacant and peaceful possession
of the suit property be handed over to the appellant. The usual
undertaking to this effect be filed by the legal representatives of
the respondent in this Court within two weeks.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
104. The legal
representatives of the respondent are also directed to pay
Rs.1,00,000/- (Rupees one Lakh) per month towards the use and
occupation of the premises for a period of three months. The said
amount for use and occupation be given to the appellant on or before
the 10th of every month. In case the legal representatives of the
respondent are not willing to pay the amount for use and occupation
as directed by this Court, they must hand over the possession of the
premises within two weeks from the date of this judgment. Thereafter,
if the legal representatives of the respondent do not hand over
peaceful possession of the suit property, in that event, the
appellant would be at liberty to get the possession of the premises
by taking police help.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
105. As a
result, the appeal of the appellant is allowed. In the facts and
circumstances of the case, the respondents are directed to pay a cost
of Rs.50,000/- to the appellant within four weeks. (We have imposed
the moderate cost in view of the fact that the original respondent
has expired). Ordered accordingly.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
..................................J.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
(Dalveer
Bhandari) .................................J.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
(H.L. Dattu)
.................................J.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
(Deepak Verma)
New Delhi;</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
March 21, 2012</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
</div>
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free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-23997713936832192552016-08-01T16:46:00.001+05:302016-08-01T16:46:45.538+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Humanity v. State of Bengal</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/742280/" target="_blank">Full Judgment Click Here</a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #47b8b8;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">25.
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span lang="en-US">It
has been repeatedly held by this court that in
the matter of granting largesse, Government</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span lang="en-US">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span lang="en-US">has
to act fairly and without even any semblance of
discrimination. Law on this subject has been very clearly laid
down by this court in the case of Ramana Dayaram Shetty
v. International Airport Authority of India and Others
reported in 1979 (3) SCC 489. A three-Judge Bench in
the said decision has recognized that the Government, in a
welfare State, is in a position of distributing largesse
in a large measure and in doing so the Government
cannot act at its pleasure. This court perusing the new
jurisprudential theory of Professor Reich in his
article on the "The New Property" (73 Yale Law
Journal 733) accepted the following dictum contained therein:</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span lang="en-US">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span lang="en-US">"The
government action be based on
standards that are not arbitrary and unauthorized."</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #47b8b8;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">This
court explained the purport of the aforesaid formulation
by holding: "The government cannot be permitted to say that it
will give jobs or enter into contracts or issue quotas or
licenses only in favour of those having grey hair or
belonging to a particular political party or professing
a particular religious faith. The government
is still the government when it acts in
the matter of </span> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">granting
largesse and it cannot act arbitrarily. It does not stand
in the same position as a private individual."</span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">(Para
11, page 505 of the report)</span></span></span></span></div>
<div lang="en-US" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #47b8b8;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><span style="background: #ffff00;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">In M/s Kasturi
Lal Lakshmi Reddy v. State of Jammu and Kashmir & Another
reported in 1980 (4) SCC 1, another three-Judge Bench
relied on the dictum in Ramana (supra) and held
<span style="color: #993366;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><u><b><span style="background: #ffffcc;">whenever
any governmental action fails to satisfy the test of
reasonableness and public interest, it is liable to be
struck down as invalid. This court held that a necessary
corollary of this proposition is that the Government
cannot act in a manner which would benefit a private
party. Such an action will be contrary to public
interest.</span></b></u></span></span><span style="color: #993366;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b><span style="background: #ffffcc;">
</span></b></span></span> </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #993366;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><u><b><span style="background: #ffffcc;"><br /></span></b></u></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #993366;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><u><b><span style="background: #ffffcc;"><br /></span></b></u></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><b>28. The setting
up of a private school may have some elements of
public interest in it but Constitution Bench of this
court has held in T.M.A. Pai Foundation & Ors.
v. State of Karnataka & Others reported in 2002
(8) SCC 481, that the right of a citizen, which is
not claiming minority rights to set up a private
educational institution is part of
its fundamental right to carry on an occupation </b></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="font-size: large;">under Article 19(1)(g).
Such enterprise may not be a totally business enterprise
but profit</b> <b style="font-size: large;">motive cannot be ruled
out. </b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="font-size: large;"><br /></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #ffd320;"><span style="font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background: #b3b3b3;">31.
Admittedly, no advertisement was issued and no offer
was sought to be obtained from the members of the
public in respect of the new allotment of a much bigger
plot. In view of the principles laid down by this court,
the impugned allotment is clearly in breach of the
principles of Article 14 explained by this court in
Ramana (supra), Kasturi Lal (supra) and other subsequent cases.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: #b3b3b3; color: #ffd320; font-family: "gadugi" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #00ae00;"><span style="font-family: "mongolian baiti" , cursive;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">This
point was also urged before the High Court but
unfortunately the High Court brushed aside this
objection, if we may say so with respect, by a very
strange logic by observing: "We are not required to
consider this aspect of the matter because it will be
for the governing body of the ICSE to examine the
application which may be made for recognition/affiliation
of the school which is yet to be established and
construction yet to be made. As and when any
application will be made for such recognition/affiliation,
the concerned </span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #00ae00;"><span style="font-family: "mongolian baiti" , cursive;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">authority/body
will consider the
application and it is not for this court to speculate
at this stage as to what would be the
composition of the organization/body/
society which will apply
to Council for ICSE for
recognition/affiliation of the integrated school."
</span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #00ae00;"><span style="font-family: "mongolian baiti" , cursive;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">42.
This Court is of the view that a challenge to
the legality of an order of allotment of land by
the Government must be decided by the Court on the
basis of material available when the High Court is
examining the challenge. The High Court cannot refuse to examine the
challenge on the basis of what may happen in future.
By doing so, High Court refused to exercise a
jurisdiction which is vested in it.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #9999ff;"><span style="font-family: "gungsuh" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b>46.
It is axiomatic that in order to achieve a bona fide end, the
means must also justify the end. This court is of
the opinion that bona fide ends cannot be achieved by
questionable means, specially when the State is
involved. This court has not been able to get any
answer from the State why on a request by the
allottee to the Hon'ble Minister for Urban Development, the
Government granted the allotment with
remarkable speed and without considering all aspects of the
matter. This court does not find any legitimacy in the action of the
Government, which has to act within the discipline of
the constitutional law, explained by this Court in a
catena of cases. We are sorry to hold that in
making the impugned allotment in favour of the allottee,
in the facts and circumstances of the case, the State has failed to
discharge its </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #9999ff;"><span style="font-family: "gungsuh" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b>constitutional
role. </b></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "courier new" , monospace;">
</span><span style="color: #00ae00;"><span style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>Recently
this Court </b></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #00ae00;"><span style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>relying
on Ramana (supra), Kasturi Lal (supra) and various other
judgments summed up the legal position in Akhil Bharatiya
Upbhokta Congress v. State of Madhya Pradesh and others
reported in JT 2011 (4) SC 311. The relevant
extracts </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #00ae00;"><span style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>from
paragraph 31 (page 336 of the report) are </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #00ae00;"><span style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>excerpted
below:-</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #00ae00;"> <span style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>"...Every
action/decision of the State and/or its
agencies/instrumentalities to give largesse or confer
benefit must be founded on a sound,
transparent, discernible and well defined policy,
which shall be made known to the public by
publication in the Official Gazette and other recognized
modes of publicity and such
policy must be implemented/executed by
adopting a non-discriminatory or non-arbitrary method
irrespective of the class or category of </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #00ae00;"><span style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>persons
proposed to be benefited by the policy. The
distribution of largesse like allotment of land, grant
of quota, permit licence etc. by the State and its
agencies/instrumentalities should always be done in a
fair and equitable manner and the element of
favouritism or </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #00ae00;"><span style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>nepotism
shall not influence the exercise of discretion, if any,conferred upon
the particular functionary or officer of the State."</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , monospace;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b>This
court fails to understand the basis on which
the Division Bench came to such
a conclusion. The letter of the allottee
dated 19.1.2009 does not even whisper that he was
informed of any objection by ICSE. The letter proceeds
on a totally different basis. The letter states that
after going through the norms of ICSE, it was the
allottee's own understanding that a plot of more than
60 kathas is necessary to take the school project
forward. Therefore, the High Court's recording of fact,
that the allottee was `informed' by </b></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "courier new" , monospace;"><span style="font-size: 13pt;"><b>the
ICSE of any objection, is not substantiated by any material on
record. This is a grave error on the part of the High Court.
</b></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<ol start="50">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #9999ff;"><span style="font-family: "david" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><span style="background: #ffff00;">Apart
from that, once the Government has initiated the
process of advertisement, it cannot jettison the same and
allot a new plot to the allottee without any advertisement.
This action of the Government is certainly arbitrary and violates
the principles of Article 14.</span></span></span></span></div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #00cccc;"><span style="font-family: "dokchampa" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">54.
Before I conclude, I make it clear that I am
aware that the allottee is a cricketer of great
repute and has led this country to victory in many
tournaments, both in India and abroad. I have watched
him on the television on many occasions and was delighted to
see his glorious cover drives and effortlessly lofted
shots over the fence. But as a Judge, I have different
duties to discharge. Here I must be objective and eschew my
likes and dislikes and render justice to a cause which has come
before the Court.</span></span></div>
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free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-56549629646664599272016-08-01T16:46:00.000+05:302016-08-01T16:46:45.540+05:30<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">Ramrameshwari
Devi & ors v. Nirmala Devi & ors</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">Full Judgment Click Here</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">Tags
: - Section 10 CPC; framing of issues; O.7, R.11-B/ O.20, R.5/ O.14,
R.2; Transfer application; delay vis-a-vis justice delivery system;
ad-interim exparte injunction; purpose of filing of brief synopsis;
abuse of judicial system; duty of courts when judicial system is
abused; duty of courts while framing issues; duty of court while
granting interim injunction or stay order; Section 340 (3)(b) Cr.PC;
Chapter XXVI Cr.PC; perjury; principle of restitution; SC guidelines
to minimize delays in disposal of civil litigation; SC direction on
disposal of cases in civil matter; uncalled for litigation;
imposition of realistic costs; awarding realistic and actual mesne
profits-- imposing costs or ordering prosecution; perjury; Chapter
XXVI of the Code of Criminal Procedure; duties of the Judges dealing
with Civil cases; forged and fabricated documents; maintaining purity
and sanctity of judicial proceedings; granting mesne profits;
guidelines of SC for speedy disposal of Civil cases; </span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">3.
The apparent discernible question which requires adjudication in this
case seems to be a trivial, insignificant and small one regarding
imposition of costs, </span><span style="color: navy;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>but
in fact, these appeals have raised several important questions of law
of great importance which we propose to deal in this judgment.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">4.
</span><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>This
is a classic example which abundantly depicts the picture of how the
civil litigation moves in our courts and how unscrupulous litigants
(appellants in this case) can till eternity harass the respondents
and their children by abusing the judicial system.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">14.
</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>According
to the learned Amicus Curiae, the practice of mechanically framing
the issues needs to be discouraged.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>Framing
of issues is an important exercise. Utmost care and attention is
required to be bestowed by the judicial officers/judges at the time
of framing of issues. According to Dr. Arun Mohan, twenty minutes
spent at that time would have saved several years in court
proceedings.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">21.
</span><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>The
learned Single Judge observed that the present appellants belong to
that category of litigants whose only motive is to create obstacles
during the course of trial and not to let the trial conclude.
Applications after applications are being filed by the appellants at
every stage, even though orders of the trial court are based on sound
reasoning.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Moreover,
the appellants have tried to mislead the court also by filing wrong
synopsis and incorrect dates of events.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">22.
</span><span style="color: teal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>The
High Court further observed that the purpose of filing of brief
synopsis with list of dates and events is to give brief and correct
summary of the case and not to mislead the court. Those litigants or
their advocates who mislead the courts by filing wrong and incorrect
particulars (the list of dates and events) must be dealt with heavy
hands.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">26.
</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>It
may be pertinent to mention that the appellants also moved transfer
application apprehending adverse order from the trial judge, which
was also dismissed by the learned District Judge. This conduct of the
appellants demonstrates that they are determined not to allow the
trial court to proceed with the suit. They are creating all kinds of
hurdles and obstacles at every stage of the proceedings.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">It is well settled that
</span><span style="color: teal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>frivolous
litigation clogs the wheels of justice making it difficult for courts
to provide easy and speedy justice to the genuine litigations</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">30</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>.
It is abundantly clear from the facts and circumstances of this case
that the appellants have seriously created obstacles at every stage
during the course of trial and virtually prevented the court from
proceeding with the suit. This is a typical example of how an
ordinary suit moves in our courts.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Some
cantankerous and unscrupulous litigants on one ground or the other do
not permit the courts to proceed further in the matter.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">31.
The learned Amicus Curiae has taken great pains in giving details of
how the case has proceeded in the trial court by reproducing the
entire court orders of 1992 suit. In order to properly comprehend the
functioning of the trial courts, while dealing with civil cases, we
deem it appropriate to reproduce the order sheets of 1992 suit. This
is a typical example of how a usual civil trial proceeds in our
courts. </span><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>The
credibility of entire judiciary is at stake unless effective remedial
steps are taken without further loss of time</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">.
Though original litigation and the appeal which commenced from 1977
but in order to avoid expanding the scope of these appeals, we are
dealing only with the second litigation which commenced in 1992. The
order sheets of the suit of 1992 are reproduced as under :-</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Proceedings of Suit - 1992
17.01.1992 Summons to Defendants on plaintiff and RC 28.02.1992 Fresh
summons to Defendants 1 &</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">2. Defendant No. 3 refused
service. Proceeded ex-parte 30.03.1992 Time sought to file Written
Statement for all the Defendants. Allowed.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">33.
According to the learned author, </span><span style="color: green;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>90%
of our court time and resources are consumed in attending to uncalled
for litigation, which is created only because our current procedures
and practices hold out an incentive for the wrong-doer. Those
involved receive less than full justice and there are many more in
the country, in fact, a greater number than those involved who suffer
injustice because they have little access to justice, in fact, lack
of awareness and confidence in the justice system</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;">
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">34.
</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>According
to Dr. Mohan, in our legal system, uncalled for litigation gets
encouragement because our courts do not impose realistic costs. The
parties raise unwarranted claims and defences and also adopt
obstructionist and delaying tactics because the courts do not impose
actual or realistic costs. Ordinarily, the successful party usually
remains uncompensated in our courts and that operates as the main
motivating factor for unscrupulous litigants. Unless the courts, by
appropriate orders or directions remove the cause for motivation or
the incentives, uncalled for litigation will continue to accrue, and
there will be expansion and obstruction of the litigation. Court time
and resources will be consumed and justice will be both delayed and
denied.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>Procrastinating
litigation is common place because, in practice, the courts are
reluctant to order restitution and actual cost incurred by the other
side.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><u><b>Profit
for the Wrongdoer</b></u></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">38.
</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>According
to the learned Amicus Curiae, every lease on its expiry, or a license
on its revocation cannot be converted itself into litigation.
Unfortunately, our courts are flooded with these cases because there
is an inherent profit for the wrong-doers in our system. It is a
matter of common knowledge that domestic servants, gardeners,
watchmen, caretakers or security men employed in a premises, whose
status is that of a licensee indiscriminately file suits for
injunction not to be dispossessed by making all kinds of averments
and may be even filing a forged document, and then demands a chunk of
money for withdrawing the suit. It is happening because it is the
general impression that even if ultimately unauthorized person is
thrown out of the premises the court would not ordinarily punish the
unauthorized person by awarding realistic and actual mesne profits,
imposing costs or ordering prosecution.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">39.
</span><span style="color: maroon;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>It
is a matter of common knowledge that lakhs of flats and houses are
kept locked for years, particularly in big cities and metropolitan
cities, because owners are not certain that even after expiry of
lease or licence period, the house, flat or the apartment would be
vacated or not. It takes decades for final determination of the
controversy and wrongdoers are never adequately punished. Pragmatic
approach of the courts would partly solve the housing problem of this
country.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">40.
</span><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>The
courts have to be extremely careful in granting ad-interim ex-parte
injunction. If injunction has been granted on the basis of false
pleadings or forged documents, then the concerned court must impose
costs, grant realistic or actual mesne profits and/or order
prosecution. This must be done to discourage the dishonest and
unscrupulous litigants from abusing the judicial system. In
substance, we have to remove the incentive or profit for the
wrongdoer.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">41</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>.
While granting ad interim ex-parte injunction or stay order the court
must record undertaking from the plaintiff or the petitioner that he
will have to pay mesne profits at the market rate and costs in the
event of dismissal of interim application and the suit.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">42.
According to the learned Amicus Curiae the court should have first
examined the pleadings and then not only granted leave to amend but
directed amendment of the pleadings so that the parties were confined
to those pleas which still survived the High Court's decision.
Secondly, it should have directed discovery and production of
documents and their admission/denial. Thirdly, if the civil judge on
6.10.2004, which was three and a half years after the dismissal of
the Special Leave Petition on 16.3.2001, instead of framing the
issues that he did, had, after recording the statements of the
parties and partially hearing the matter should have passed the
following order:</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>"In
my prima facie view, your pleadings are not sufficient to raise an
issue for adverse possession, secondly how can you contend adverse
possession of three-fourth share? And thirdly, your pleadings and
contentions before the High Court had the effect of completely
negating any claim to adverse possession. ..."</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">43.</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>
Framing of issues is a very important stage in the civil litigation
and it is the bounden duty of the court that due care, caution,
diligence and attention must be bestowed by the learned Presiding
Judge while framing of issues.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">44.
In the instant case when the entire question of title has been
determined by the High Court and the Special Leave Petition against
that judgment has been dismissed by this court, thereafter the trial
court ought not to have framed such an issue on a point which has
been finally determined upto this Court. In any case, the same was
exclusively barred by the principles of res judicata. That clearly
demonstrates total non-application of mind.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">45.
We have carefully examined the written submissions of the learned
Amicus Curiae and learned counsel for the parties.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><b>We
are clearly of the view that unless we ensure that wrong-doers are
denied profit or undue benefit from the frivolous litigation, it
would be difficult to control frivolous and uncalled for litigations.
In order to curb uncalled for and frivolous litigation, the courts
have to ensure that there is no incentive or motive for uncalled for
litigation. It is a matter of common experience that court's
otherwise scarce and valuable time is consumed or more appropriately
wasted in a large number of uncalled for cases.</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">46.
</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Usually
the court should be cautious and extremely careful while granting
ex-parte ad interim injunctions. The better course for the court is
to give a short notice and in some cases even dasti notice, hear both
the parties and then pass suitable biparte orders. Experience reveals
that ex-parte interim injunction orders in some cases can create
havoc and getting them vacated or modified in our existing judicial
system is a nightmare. Therefore, as a rule, the court should grant
interim injunction or stay order only after hearing the defendants or
the respondents and in case the court has to grant ex-parte
injunction in exceptional cases then while granting injunction it
must record in the order that if the suit is eventually dismissed,
the plaintiff or the petitioner will have to pay full restitution,
actual or realistic costs and mesne profits.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">47.
</span><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>If
an exparte injunction order is granted, then in that case an
endeavour should be made to dispose of the application for injunction
as expeditiously as may be possible, preferably as soon as the
defendant appears in the court.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">48.
</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">It
is also a matter of common experience that once an ad interim
injunction is granted, the plaintiff or the petitioner would make all
efforts to ensure that injunction continues indefinitely. The other
appropriate order can be to limit the life of the ex-parte injunction
or stay order for a week or so because in such cases the usual
tendency of unnecessarily prolonging the matters by the plaintiffs or
the petitioners after obtaining ex-parte injunction orders or stay
orders may not find encouragement. We have to dispel the common
impression that a party by obtaining an injunction based on even
false averments and forged documents will tire out the true owner and
ultimately the true owner will have to give up to the wrongdoer his
legitimate profit. It is also a matter of common experience that to
achieve clandestine objects, false pleas are often taken and forged
documents are filed indiscriminately in our courts because they have
hardly any apprehension of being prosecuted for perjury by the courts
or even pay heavy costs. In Swaran Singh v. State of Punjab (2000) 5
SCC 668 this court was constrained to observe that perjury has become
a way of life in our courts.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">49.
</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>It
is a typical example how a litigation proceeds and continues and in
the end there is a profit for the wrongdoer.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">50.
</span><span style="color: green;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>Learned
amicus articulated common man's general impression about litigation
in following words:</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: green;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>"Make
any false averment, conceal any fact, raise any plea, produce any
false document, deny any genuine document, it will successfully stall
the litigation, and in any case, delay the matter endlessly. The
other party will be coerced into a settlement which will be
profitable for me and the probability of the court ordering
prosecution for perjury is less than that of meeting with an accident
while crossing the road."</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>This court in
Swaran Singh (Supra) observed as under:</b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.25in; margin-right: 0.25in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>"...
... ...Perjury has also become a way of life in the law courts. A
trial Judge knows that the witness is telling a lie and is going back
on his previous statement, yet he does not wish to punish him or even
file a complaint against him. He is required to sign the complaint
himself which deters him from filing the complaint. Perhaps law needs
amendment to clause (b) of Section 340 (3) of the Code of Criminal
Procedure in this respect as the High Court can direct any officer to
file a complaint. To get rid of the evil of perjury, the court should
resort to the use of the provisions of law as contained in Chapter
XXVI of the Code of Criminal Procedure."</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">51.
In a recent judgment in the case of</span><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>
Mahila Vinod Kumari v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2008) 8 SCC 34 this
court has shown great concern about alarming proportion of perjury
cases in our country.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">52.
</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>The
main question which arises for our consideration is whether the
prevailing delay in civil litigation can be curbed?</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><b>In
our considered opinion the existing system can be drastically changed
or improved if the following steps are taken by the trial courts
while dealing with the civil trials.</b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="LEFT" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">A.
</span></span><span style="color: #eb613d; font-family: "courier new" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><b>Pleadings</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "bookman old style" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">
are foundation of the claims of parties. </span></span><b style="color: #0084d1; font-family: "Courier New", sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">Civil
litigation is largely based on</b> <span style="color: #0084d1; font-family: "bookman old style" , serif; font-size: 16pt; line-height: 100%;"><b>documents.</b></span><span style="color: #0084d1; font-family: "bookman old style" , serif; line-height: 100%;">
</span><span style="color: #0084d1; font-family: "bookman old style" , serif; font-size: large; line-height: 100%;">It is the bounden duty and obligation of the trial judge to
carefully scrutinize, check and verify the pleadings and the
documents filed by the parties. This must be done immediately after
civil suits are filed.</span></div>
<div align="LEFT" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">B.
<span style="color: #23b8dc;"><b>The Court should</b></span> resort to
discovery and production of documents and interrogatories at the
earliest according to the object of the Code. If this exercise is
carefully carried out, it would focus the controversies involved in
the case and help the court in arriving at truth of the matter and
doing substantial justice.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<ol start="100" type="I">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><span style="color: #ff420e;"><b>Imposition
of actual, realistic or proper costs</b></span> and or ordering
prosecution would go a long way in controlling the tendency of
introducing false pleadings and forged and fabricated documents by
the litigants. Imposition of heavy costs would also control
unnecessary adjournments by the parties. In appropriate cases the
courts may consider ordering prosecution otherwise it may not be
possible to maintain purity and sanctity of judicial proceedings.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<ol start="500" type="I">
<li><div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><span style="color: #3deb3d;"><b>The
Court must adopt</b></span> realistic and pragmatic approach in
granting mesne profits. The Court must carefully keep in view the
ground realities while granting mesne profits.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
</div>
</li>
</ol>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">E.
<span style="color: #0066cc;"><b>The courts should be extremely careful</b></span>
and cautious in granting ex-parte ad interim injunctions or stay
orders. Ordinarily short notice should be issued to the defendants or
respondents and only after hearing concerned parties appropriate
orders should be passed.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">F.
<span style="color: blue;"><b>Litigants who obtained ex-parte ad interim
injunction</b></span> on the strength of false pleadings and forged
documents should be adequately punished. No one should be allowed to
abuse the process of the court.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">G.
<span style="color: lime;"><b>The principle of restitution</b></span> be
fully applied in a pragmatic manner in order to do real and
substantial justice.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">H.
<span style="color: #00dcff;"><b>Every case emanates</b></span> from a human
or a commercial problem and the Court must make serious endeavour to
resolve the problem within the framework of law and in accordance
with the well settled principles of law and justice.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">I.
<span style="color: blue;"><b>If in a given case</b></span>, ex parte
injunction is granted, then the said application for grant of
injunction should be disposed of on merits, after hearing both sides
as expeditiously as may be possible on a priority basis and undue
adjournments should be avoided.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;">J.
<span style="color: #ff3366;"><b>At the time of filing</b></span> of the
plaint, the trial court should prepare complete schedule and fix
dates for all the stages of the suit, right from filing of the
written statement till pronouncement of judgment and the courts
should strictly adhere to the said dates and the said time table as
far as possible. If any interlocutory application is filed then the
same be disposed of in between the said dates of hearings fixed in
the said suit itself so that the date fixed for the main suit may not
be disturbed.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="color: #23ff23;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 15pt;"><b><span style="background: #eb613d;">53.
According to us, these aforementioned steps may help the courts to
drastically improve the existing system of administration of civil
litigation in our Courts. No doubt, it would take some time for the
courts, litigants and the advocates to follow the aforesaid steps,
but once it is observed across the country, then prevailing system of
adjudication of civil courts is bound to improve.</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">54.
<span style="color: #b84747;">While imposing costs we have to take into
consideration pragmatic realities and be realistic what the
defendants or the respondents had to actually incur in contesting the
litigation before different courts. We have to also broadly take into
consideration the prevalent fee structure of the lawyers and other
miscellaneous expenses which have to be incurred towards drafting and
filing of the counter affidavit, miscellaneous charges towards
typing, photocopying, court fee etc.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0.07in; margin-top: 0.07in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">55.
<b>The other factor which should not be forgotten while imposing
costs is for how long the defendants or respondents were compelled to
contest and defend the litigation in various courts. The appellants
in the instant case have harassed the respondents to the hilt for
four decades in a totally frivolous and dishonest litigation in
various courts. The appellants have also wasted judicial time of the
various courts for the last 40 years.</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</div>
free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-77712007594772099812009-09-13T00:46:00.000+05:302009-09-13T00:46:04.856+05:30Court lauds The Hindu for fair reportingfree333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-17977301693436910642009-08-20T22:42:00.001+05:302009-08-20T22:44:00.896+05:30Do not lie to the court, SC tells lawyers"What will happen if the judges become wary of lawyers' statements made across the Bar. In the apex court, we trust the advocates for they and the judges are equal partners in administration of justice. How can we carry on with the job if we start distrusting the lawyers," the Bench said.free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-56858343228098627942009-08-20T22:37:00.001+05:302009-08-20T22:40:43.505+05:30Girls above 18 entitled to live with or marry anyoneIndia is a free country where girls after attaining the age of 18 years have the freedom to live with or marry anyone they like. Parents, if not happy, could at the worst severe their ties with her but cannot threaten, coerce or torture her.free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-79653890694793375932009-08-20T22:34:00.001+05:302009-08-20T22:36:16.089+05:30Testimony of criminal can be accepted"Therefore, the criminal background, in our opinion, would not be of much consequence, though while appreciating their evidence, that fact has to be borne in mind," a bench of Justices V S Sirpurkar and Cyriac Joseph observed in a judgement.free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-1669171193220936292009-08-19T01:09:00.002+05:302009-08-19T01:16:52.487+05:30SC wants criminal cases on fast trackfree333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-32949652332996028012009-08-19T01:04:00.002+05:302009-08-19T01:08:50.334+05:30Awarding death penalty to be made tougherIt took note of the concern of legal commentators that while the rich and powerful never got the extreme penalty, “it is invariably the marginalised and destitute who suffer extreme penalty ultimately”.free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-73229811901990152902009-07-09T01:15:00.002+05:302009-07-09T01:21:19.768+05:30Acid throwers face jail for life<span style="margin-left: 2pt;">"There should be some restriction on free sale of corrosive substance. Acid is easily avialable," a Bench comprising Chief Justice K G Balakrishnan and Justice P Sathasivam observed.<br /><br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold;">Through </span><a id="KonaLink0" target="undefined" class="kLink" style="text-decoration: underline ! important; position: static; font-weight: bold;" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Acid-throwers-face-jail-for-life/articleshow/4746609.cms#"><span style="color: blue ! important; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 400; font-size: 12px; position: static;color:blue;" ><span class="kLink" style="color: blue ! important; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 400; font-size: 12px; position: static;">lawyer</span></span></a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Aparna Bhat, she had sought a direction from the court for enacting a law that provided exemplary punishment to those throwing acid on girls as also a sound rehabilitation scheme for the victims. </span>free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-12597008333845678532009-06-01T21:33:00.002+05:302009-06-01T21:41:28.803+05:30Women facing harassment can write to usfree333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-30988618458274189922009-06-01T21:27:00.002+05:302009-06-01T21:31:21.095+05:30Those who burn brides need to be hanged<span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">"People like you need to be hanged, You behave like junglee (animal),"</span></span> Justice Katju rebuked the petitioner Gulati as his counsel pleaded for interim bail for his client.<br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" ><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">As the counsel pleaded saying that it was case of suicide and not bride burning, Justice Katju said: "They all say that. Every time they burn a bride, they say it was a suicide." </span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(204, 102, 204);font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">"On one hand they regard women as devi (goddess), on the other hand they burn them alive. This is against the norms of civilized society. It's barbaric," said Justice Katju. </span></span>free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-15826094431639849072009-03-02T15:45:00.000+05:302009-03-02T15:47:00.031+05:30Post-Godhra riots cases: SIT submits report in SCfree333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-39929232062536654982009-02-26T13:39:00.000+05:302009-02-26T13:41:34.851+05:30SC orders inquiry into Madras HC clashfree333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-88697805099757968872009-02-19T20:12:00.002+05:302009-02-19T20:18:57.705+05:30SC notice to Tamil Nadu lawyers over frequent strikes<span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">"There have been instances of individual lawyers having been tonsured for appearing in courts during the strike against the dictates by the lawyers' bodies," he said.</span><br />"There is an increasing trend of politicisation of bar in the state accompanied with violent tendencies," said Murlidharan. <br /><br /> For example, he mentioned, several advocates ransacked shops around the Madras High court while in another incident they hijacked a <a id="KonaLink4" target="undefined" class="kLink" style="text-decoration: underline ! important; position: static;" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/SC-notice-to-Tamil-Nadu-lawyers-over-frequent-strikes/rssarticleshow/4156566.cms#"><span style="color: blue ! important; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 400; font-size: 12px; position: static;color:blue;" ><span class="kLink" style="border-bottom: 1px solid blue; color: blue ! important; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-weight: 400; font-size: 12px; position: static; background-color: transparent;">bus</span></span></a> and took it to the Shastri Bhawan to protest against the self-immolation by a youth to demand welfare of Tamils in Sri Lanka.free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-61772436341445292062008-09-27T14:56:00.003+05:302008-09-27T15:02:34.207+05:30Gujarat fake encounter killing<ul><li>"These are allegations and I will file my reply before the Supreme Court soon," Johri told Newsline.<br /></li><li>Additional Solicitor General (ASG) Gopal Subramaniam had on Thursday alleged that Johri had "let down" the probe being monitored by the Supreme Court, by 'conniving with the state to create false records'.<br /></li><li>Subramaniam, <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">an amicus curiae (a lawyer assisting the court)</span></span></span> in the matter, urged the court to hand over the investigation to the CBI.<br /></li><li>Sohrabuddin Sheikh was killed in an alleged fake encounter on November 26, 2005, by a joint-team of the Gujarat Anti Terrorist Squad and the Special Task Force of Rajasthan Police. His wife Kausarbi went missing after the incident. The Gujarat government later accepted before the Supreme Court that Kausarbi was also killed and her body disposed off by the accused. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">A total of 13 policemen were arrested in the case.</span></span></span><br /></li></ul>free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-54116662513328949372008-09-18T22:57:00.001+05:302008-09-18T23:00:15.494+05:30Baby Manji case: SC extends child`s custody to grandmother<ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(48, 48, 48); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; ">The Jaipur-based NGO has been asked to explain its stand or its interest in seeking the custody of the newly born child. </span><br /></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(48, 48, 48); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;">The court also asked the police not to interfere in the matter and added that it can’t forcibly take the baby away.<br /></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(48, 48, 48); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;">Earlier, SATYA had filed a habeas corpus petition in the Jaipur High Court, claiming that in the absence of a surrogacy law in the country the legitimacy of the baby cannot be claimed by anyone. <br /></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(48, 48, 48); font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;">The Surrogacy Bill is pending in Parliament, but according to governing laws, parents have to adopt their surrogate child and adoption laws make it difficult for single fathers to adopt girls. <br /></span></li></ul>free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-85914054878028005702008-09-17T14:32:00.001+05:302008-09-17T14:34:57.158+05:30Tamil Nadu changes lawyers for bungling in Supreme Court<ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; "><p style="line-height: 22px; font-size: 13px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; "></span></p><p style="line-height: 22px; font-size: 13px; ">The Supreme Court had pulled up Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and Shipping Minister T.R. Baalu Aug 4 for indeterminately delaying their counters to a contempt notice issued Oct 1, 2007.</p><p style="line-height: 22px; font-size: 13px; ">The court threatened to issue arrest warrants in the event of a further failure to respond to the notice.</p><p style="line-height: 22px; font-size: 13px; ">The apex court had initiated suo motu action after the state government organised a shutdown to protest against the judiciary's 'interference in legislative preserves of elected representatives with regard to the Sethusamudram Project'.</p><p style="line-height: 22px; font-size: 13px; ">Karunanidhi called off his hunger strike after the Supreme Court came out strongly against him and wondered if there was a constitutional breakdown in Tamil Nadu.</p></span><p></p></li></ul>free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-56270818999313434412008-09-15T15:26:00.003+05:302008-09-15T17:08:00.179+05:30SC Bench Divided Over Sting Operations<ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 17px; font-family:Arial;font-size:12px;">Prasad and others, including former chief minister Ajit Jogi’s son Amit Jogi, are facing trial for allegedly planning the sting operation on Judeo in 2005 allegedly to derive political mileage. Appearing for Prasad, senior advocate Harish Salve said <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">if his client was to be prosecuted for conducting the sting on Judeo, then the other TV channels which showed the sting operations relating cash-for-query and cash-for-vote should also be liable to be prosecuted.</span></span></span></span><br /></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; line-height: 17px;font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102);">Justice Katju said he was all for sting operations, which were the only way to expose corrupt elements. “How can those carrying out sting (operations) against the corrupt be booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act?” he asked.</span></span><br /></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102); font-weight: bold; line-height: 17px;font-family:Arial;font-size:18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal; font-size:12px;">Coming in defence of those who conduct sting operations to expose corruption, Justice Katju said:</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 51, 102);"> “There is no intention to commit a crime. How can they be equated with criminals.”</span></span><br /></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(102, 51, 102); font-weight: bold; line-height: 17px;font-family:Arial;font-size:18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; ">A </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?sectionName=&id=226c0e4c-7a9f-4cda-b5f0-0d334ddf6195&&Headline=India+can+do+with+a+few+more+stings:+SC+judge&strParent=strParentID">Supreme Court judge on Friday defended the use of sting operations by journalists to expose </a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Georgia; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?sectionName=&id=226c0e4c-7a9f-4cda-b5f0-0d334ddf6195&&Headline=India+can+do+with+a+few+more+stings:+SC+judge&strParent=strParentID">corruption in the society.</a></span></span><br /></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">During the hearing of a case a relating to a sting operation against former Union Minister and BJP leader Dilip Singh Judeo, Justice Markandey Katju said: “I totally agree with sting operations. There should be more sting operations. Corrupt elements can be brought to light by these sort of operations.”</span><br /></span></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><p style="padding-right: 3px; ">Katju’s remarks contrast the approach of another bench headed by Chief Justice of India K.G. Balakrishnan, which has been insisting on an “unconditional apology” from a TV channel reporter who exposed corruption in subordinate courts in Gujarat through a sting operation.</p><p style="padding-right: 3px; ">The reporter had obtained bailable warrants from an Ahmedabad court against four prominent persons including then President APJ Abdul Kalam and then Chief Justice of India in 2004.</p></span></li></ul>free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-53309217233090595042008-09-11T01:15:00.002+05:302008-09-11T01:21:26.691+05:30Owning Indian Property is a Constitutional Right<ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: 18px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">The Supreme Court has declared that the right of </span><a title="India property" href="http://mastghar.com/" target="_self" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Indian property</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">is a legitimate as well as a human right</span></span>. Somebody cannot be dispossessed of his or her property rights except for the cases where the law allows the same.</span></span><br /></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">Though the right of property is no more a Fundamental Right but it is still a Constitutional Right. It is a human right too.</span></span> The court will not interpret a condition favoring such dispossession, if any clear provision or if necessary inference is absent, as observed by the apex court.</span></span></li></ul>free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-46026783344669752902008-09-10T21:03:00.001+05:302008-09-10T21:08:10.530+05:30Manipulating the judicial system<ul><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; ">On Aug 13, the Supreme Court had issued bailable warrants against the Ansal brothers on an allegation that <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">they were manipulating the judicial system and delaying the disposal of their appeal against their conviction while out on bail</span></span></span>.</span><br /></li><li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">A person facing a bailable arrest warrant is entitled to bail by the investigative agency asked to execute the warrants. He is let off immediately after he furnishes a personal bond with some sureties to abide by the orders of the court, which issues the warrant.</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">A person facing a non-bailable arrest warrant, however, gets bail only from a court of law.</p></span></li></ul>free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-28536219432775997622008-09-05T02:03:00.001+05:302008-09-05T02:13:27.424+05:30Bangalore: Language Policy - Supreme Court Upholds HC Verdict<ul><li>He expressed the belief that the court will not come in the way of the liberty the parents enjoy as far as choosing the kind of education and medium of instruction their wards need to have.</li><li>Earlier, the High Court had upheld the right of the private unaided schools in the state to choose the medium of the instruction of their liking, duly quashing a part of the government order making it compulsory for the schools to adopt Kannada as the medium of instruction.</li></ul>free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-54601261694038869342008-09-05T01:19:00.002+05:302008-09-05T01:25:23.501+05:30Contempt of Court<ul><li>Taking strong exception to the insinuation by members of Boss music school against Bombay high court judges, the Supreme Court on Friday issued contempt notice to them with a warning that <span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102);font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">failure to respond within 10 days would lead to their arrest</span></span>.</li><li>Leila David and Annette Kotian, members of Vasai-based Boss Music School, <span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:180%;" >had filed petitions seeking arrest of 10 HC judges for allegedly not hearing their matter “in a free and fair manner”</span>.</li><li>“If you don’t reply on or before September 10 you will be arrested and produced before the court and you will not be released,” the bench said. The two women, who argued their case themselves, refused to withdraw the charges against the judges.</li><li>The judges also took exception to their plea that the CJI should withdraw from the bench hearing their petition. “That I will decide. <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:180%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Choose your words carefully otherwise you have to face the consequences</span></span>,” CJI Balakrishnan told them.<br /></li><li>“We have perused the allegations which are very serious in nature. We have spent time on the two petitions. <span style="color: rgb(51, 204, 0);font-size:130%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">The allegations amount to contempt of court</span></span>,” the CJI added.</li></ul>free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-54989374622175656882008-09-03T23:27:00.004+05:302008-09-04T00:29:09.144+05:30Supreme Court issues notice for laying down media norms<ul><li><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="storytext">Justice Balakrishnan said the media were a sentinel of democratic freedom. It was the responsibility of every person associated with the media to act responsibly with a sense of duty towards society and the nation. In fact, journalists were “vigilant watchdogs of civil liberties.” The right of the media to report court proceedings emanated from the right of the citizen to know. The media also had the duty to report fairly, objectively and accurately. He said the media should be wary of allowing itself to become a vehicle for exerting “mass pressure” as opposed to a “mere expression of mass opinion.”</span></span></li><li>If the media prints or broadcasts content that unjustly maligns an individual, there are laws in place to deal with slander and defamation.</li></ul>free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2648164122202046288.post-85044279999433381732008-09-03T17:05:00.001+05:302008-09-03T17:08:37.557+05:30Install Audio Systems in court of CJI: SCThe system would preserve the arguments made by the Councel for the parties and help the judges refresh their memory of arguments made in a particular case while writing judgments.<br />In number of cases, the judges reserve their judgments after hearing the arguments in the case and deliver the judgment after some time.free333http://www.blogger.com/profile/07472921528961614010noreply@blogger.com0